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Solids separation

F-400Multimedia and Dual-Media Filtration

The polishing step. Sedimentation takes the bulk; the filter takes what is left. Coarse anthracite on top does the depth filtration, fine sand below acts as the final barrier — and the whole thing runs until headloss or breakthrough says stop.

Cutaway — Multimedia and Dual-Media Filtration
WaterFlocFiltrateBackwash

How it works

  1. Why filter — Sedimentation leaves 5–20 mg/L of fine floc that will not settle in any reasonable time. Filtration is the barrier that takes that to below 1 mg/L — and for potable duty it is also the physical barrier against protozoa, which is why the turbidity target is regulatory, not aesthetic.
  2. Why two media — Sand alone filters at the surface: the top few millimetres blind, headloss rockets, and the bed depth below is wasted. Put coarse anthracite on top of fine sand and solids penetrate deeper, so the whole bed stores them. Anthracite is less dense, so after backwash it re-stratifies back on top.
  3. The run — Through the run, solids fill the pore space. Headloss climbs and the floc front works downward through the bed. The filter is doing its job right up until either headloss reaches the available head or floc reaches the underdrain — whichever comes first.
  4. Backwash — The run ends and flow reverses. Air scour breaks the cake, then upflow water at around 40 m/h fluidises the bed and carries the solids to waste. Too little and the bed stays dirty; too much and you wash the media out of the tank.
  5. What governs it — Filtration rate is the master variable — push above roughly 15 m/h and floc drives straight through. Then bed depth against run length: a deeper bed stores more, so it runs longer between backwashes. Push the rate and watch run length fall away.
  6. The gravity filter — An open box with 2 to 3 metres of head available, which caps the filtration rate at about 12 m/h. In exchange you can see the bed — mudballs, cracking and uneven backwash are all visible — and the backwash waste goes to a channel rather than needing a pump.

Design parameters

The panel opposite runs the same correlations as the F-400 design sheet, so the animation and the calculator cannot disagree. Every parameter below is live — drag one and the picture responds.

ParameterUnitDefaultRange
Configuration
Filter typeGravity rapid sand3 options
A pressure filter has head to spare, so it runs faster. A continuous filter never stops to backwash, so its run length stops being a design variable at all.
Duty
Feed flowm³/h20020 – 1,200
Influent SSmg/L121 – 60
Filter area (each)m²122 – 60
Filters in serviceoff31 – 10
Anthracite depthmm600200 – 1,200
Sand depthmm300150 – 800

Open the full F-400 design sheet for the other five inputs, all twenty-five results with their envelopes, the five equations printed beside the numbers they produce, and a calculation record you can export and put in a design file.

Live parameters

Six of the eleven inputs the F-400 design sheet takes.

Configuration

A pressure filter has head to spare, so it runs faster. A continuous filter never stops to backwash, so its run length stops being a design variable at all.

Duty

You have an estimate. The design sheet is the justification.

This page sizes the unit on six variables and tells you whether the headline numbers land in range. That is enough to sketch with, and it stays free. What it will not do is survive a design review: it does not show you the equation behind any number, it checks the obvious limits rather than all of them, and there is nothing to file.

The F-400 design sheet runs the same physics on eleven inputs, reports twenty-five results against their envelopes, prints the five governing equations beside the numbers they produce, and exports the lot as a calculation record for the design file.

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