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Process animations

Unit Operations

Eighteen animated cutaways — sixteen unit operations, plus the two hydraulics sheets that connect them. Each one shows why the unit exists, the physical mechanism inside it, how the feed becomes product and waste, and which design parameter actually governs the size of it. Every animation is driven by the same correlations as the matching design sheet, so dragging a slider moves the picture and the numbers together.

Solids separation

Circular Clarifier — Centre Feed

The oldest trick in water treatment: give the flow enough time and enough quiet area, and anything denser than water…

Rectangular Horizontal-Flow Sedimentation

The same physics as a circular clarifier, laid out in a straight line.

Dissolved Air Flotation

Flotation is what you reach for when gravity will not do the job — when the solids are lighter than water, or so…

Lamella Clarifier and Tube Settler

A stack of inclined plates turns one square metre of floor into ten or more square metres of settling area.

Multimedia and Dual-Media Filtration

The polishing step.

Adsorption & ion exchange

Granular Activated Carbon Adsorber

Carbon does not filter — it adsorbs.

Ion Exchange — Softening and Demineralisation

The resin swaps one ion for another: hardness off the water, sodium onto it.

Membrane filtration

Microfiltration — Flux, TMP and the Backwash Cycle

A physical sieve at around 0.1 micron.

Ultrafiltration — Barrier Performance and Integrity

Ten times finer than MF, and the difference matters: UF removes viruses and colloids as well as protozoa, and it is…

Nanofiltration — Selective Rejection and Softening

Nanofiltration is the membrane that chooses.

Reverse Osmosis — Array, Flux and Energy

Push hard enough on salty water and pure water is forced backwards through the membrane, against osmosis.

Electrodeionisation

Continuous Electrodeionisation (CDI / EDI)

Ion exchange resin that never needs regenerating with chemicals.

Disinfection

Ultraviolet Sterilizer Sizing

UV does not remove anything.

Thermal

Heat Exchanger Duty and Area

Two streams, one wall, and a temperature difference doing the work.

Reaction & chemical

Reaction, Flocculation and Mixing Tank

Mixing is not one thing.

Neutralisation and pH Correction

pH is logarithmic, so the dose that moves you from 2 to 3 is ten times the dose that moves you from 3 to 4 — and near…

Hydraulics

Not a unit operation. Nothing is separated or transformed in a pipe or a pump — hydraulics is the conveyance between the unit operations above, and it is where a sound sizing calculation is most often undone: a line one size too small, or a suction that cavitates.

Pipe Sizing and Head Loss

The pipe is sized from velocity, never from the pump.

Centrifugal Pump Duty, Power and NPSH

A centrifugal pump does not deliver a flow.